The Ashes
Fraxinus sp.

Leaf-scars opposite, large, conspicuous; bundle-scars minute, forming a curved line often more or less confluent; buds stout, scurfy, brown or black with ovate bud-scales opposite in pairs; twigs stout and brittle; fruit winged.
164. Leaf-scars deeply concave on upper margin. Fraxinus americana,
White Ash
164. Leaf-scars not deeply concave on upper margin (semicircular to shield-shaped). 165
165. Bark soft-scaly; buds generally black; last pair of leaf-scars generally some distance below end of twig (giving a stalked-like appearance to the terminal bud). Fraxinus nigra,
Black Ash
165. Bark ridged, not soft-scaly. 166
166. Buds black; trees found only in cultivation. Fraxinus excelsior,
European Ash
166. Buds dark brown; trees native. 167
167. Twigs downy.
(Note: F. pennsylvanica is a variable species)		 Fraxinus pennsylvanica,
Red Ash
167. Twigs smooth.
(Note: F. pennsylvanica is a variable species)		 Fraxinus pennsylvanica,
Green Ash



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