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Leaf-scars alternate, 2-ranked, semi-circular, small, but conspicuous, covered with a light corky layer; bundle-scars prominent, 3 to several together, sunken; terminal bud absent, lateral buds medium-sized with 2 ranks of over-lapping bud-scales; twigs slender; bark ridged; fruit small, flat, winged (a samara), ripening in spring. |
| 137. | Twigs gray and rough and strongly mucilaginous; tips of buds conspicuous with long rusty hairs. | Ulmus
rubra, Slippery Elm |
| 137. | Twigs neither gray and rough nor strongly mucilaginous; buds without long rusty hairs. | 138 |
| 138. | Buds chestnut brown; bud-scales with darker margins; bark ridged; native species. | |
| 138. | Buds smoky brown to almost black; bud-scales nearly uniform in color; bark firmer, roughened into dark oblong blocks; trunk mostly continuous into crown with stout limbs arising at a broad angle; canopy "Oak-like"; European species. | Ulmus
glabra, Scotch or Wych Elm |
| 139. | Twigs often with corky ridges; trunk generally continuous into crown with stiff dependent lower branches; head narrow and "Hickory-like". |
Ulmus thomasii, Cork Elm |
| 139. | Twigs without corky ridges; trunk dividing into several limbs, spreading gradually upward and gracefully recurving; head broad and "Elm like" (classic vase shape). | Ulmus
americana, American Elm |