Page 2: Dichotomous Pairs 31 to 60
31. Pith with hollow chambers; buds brown, terminal bud absent, lateral buds appressed. Celtis occidentalis,
Common Hackberry
31. Pith with woody partitions in the solid ground-mass; buds reddish, terminal bud present, lateral buds divergent. Nyssa sylvatica,
Black Gum
32. Leaf-scars regularly 2-ranked, i.e. arranged in 2 longitudinal rows on the twig. 33
32. Leaf-scars regularly more than 2-ranked, i.e. in more than 2 rows on the twig. 49
33. Terminal bud absent (the last lateral bud may appear to be terminal but absence of terminal bud is shown by small scar at end of twig).
39
33. Terminal bud present. 34
34. Buds stalked (suspended off the stem). 35
34. Buds not stalked (sitting directly on the stem). 36
35. Buds for the most part naked (i.e. with undeveloped leaves serving the function of bud scales); 4-parted woody fruits and the remains of last season's flowers generally present. Hamamelis virginiana,
Common Witchhazel
35. Buds covered with bud-scales; fruit a woody cone-like catkin. Alnus incana,
White Alder
36. Stipule-scars nearly encircling twig; buds long and narrow, generally over 5 times as long as wide, divergent from the stem; bud-scales in pairs, 4-ranked, 10 or more scales visible; bundle-scars 5. Fagus grandifolia,
American Beech
36. Stipule-scars when present relatively short; buds stouter, generally not over 4 times as long as wide; bud scales less numerous. 37
37. Leaf-scars very narrow, V-shaped, swollen at the 3 bundle-scars; buds long, appressed; bud-scale tipped with dark point; stipule-scars absent.

Amelanchier canadensis,
Shadblow Serviceberry
37. Leaf-scars relatively broad; buds shorter; bud-scale without conspicuous dark point; stipule-scars present though often inconspicuous.

38
38. Bundle-scars present in groups of 3; bark of young stems and branches with horizontally-elongated lenticels, often peeling into papery layers; pith generally elliptical often with irregularly toothed edges; fruit a catkin, immature catkins generally present on tree in winter. Betula sp.,
Birch
38. Bundle-scars arranged several in a group; lenticels not horizontally elongated; bark never peeling in papery layers; pith more or less 5-pointed, star-shaped; fruit a bur. Castanea dentata,
American Chestnut
39. Leaf-scar almost entirely surrounding the buds; buds brown, hairy, several massed together to form a bud-like cone; bundle-scars raised, generally 5 in a single curved line. Cladrastis kentuckea,
American Yellowwood
39. Leaf-scar not more than half surrounding the bud; buds not massed together into a hairy cone. 40
40. Bundle-scars arranged 3 or more in a single curved line. 43
40. Bundle-scars arranged more than 3 in a closed ellipse, double line, variously clustered or irregularly scattered. 41
41. 2-3 scales visible to a bud; bundle-scars not prominently projecting. 42
41. 4 or more scales visible to a bud; bundle-scars rather prominently projecting. Morus sp.,
Mulberry
42. Twigs usually zigzag; pith roundish; buds and twigs mucilaginous when chewed; fruit spherical, woody, about size of pea, attached to a prominent leafy bract. Tilia americana,
Basswood
42. Twigs nearly straight; pith more or less 5-pointed, star-shaped; buds and twigs not mucilaginous when chewed; fruit a large bur. Castanea dentata,
American Chestnut
43. Buds superposed (at least at some of the nodes); stipule-scars absent; older pith with reddish streaks. Cercis canadensis,
Eastern Redbud
43. Buds never superposed; stipule-scars present; pith without reddish streaks. 44
44. 2-3 scales visible to a bud. 45
44. 4 or more scales visible to a bud. 46
45. Buds stout; buds and twigs mucilaginous when chewed; lenticels not horizontally elongated; fruit spherical, woody, about size of pea, attached to leafy bract. Tilia americana,
Basswood
45. Buds narrower, buds and twigs not mucilaginous when chewed; lenticels on stems and branches horizontally elongate; bark often peeling in papery layers; fruit a winged seed-like body borne in catkins. Betula sp.,
Birch
46. Bud-scales 2-ranked (i.e. arranged on the bud in 2 longitudinal rows); leaf-scars covered with a smooth corky layer; bundle-scars typically sunken; fruit borne in catkins. Ulmus sp.,
Elm
46. Bud-scales more than 2-ranked; leaf-scars not covered with smooth corky layer; bundle-scars not sunken; fruit borne in catkins. 47
47. Lenticels horizontally elongated with age; bark on young trunks and branches smooth, not becoming fluted, often peeling into papery layers (but not flaky); fruit a flat seed-like body borne in catkins; catkins generally present on tree in winter. Betula sp.,
Birch
47. Lenticels not horizontally elongated; bark flaky or fluted; bud-scales 4-ranked; fruit a nutlet attached to a bract. 48
48. Bark flaky; twigs 1-2 mm. thick; buds usually 3-7 mm. long; nutlet enclosed by a sac-like bract; staminate catkins generally abundantly present in winter. Ostrya virginiana,
American Hophornbeam
48. Bark smooth, close, sinewy-fluted; twigs about 1 mm. or less thick; buds usually 2-4 mm. long; nutlet attached to flattened, toothed bract; staminate catkins enclosed in enlarged scaly buds, therefore no catkins visible on tree in winter. Carpinus caroliniana,
American Hornbeam
49. Buds clustered at tips of vigorous shoots; terminal bud not greatly larger than others of the cluster. 50
49. Buds not clustered at tips of vigorous shoots, or if slightly clustered, then terminal bud much larger than others of the cluster. 53
50. Bundle-scars numerous, scattered; pith regularly 5-pointed, star-shaped.

Quercus sp.,
Oak

50. Bundle-scars in groups of 3; pith not 5-pointed, star-shaped. 51
51. Terminal bud absent, but leaving a terminal scar on twig. Prunus sp.,
Plum
51. Terminal bud present. 52
52. Buds woolly at least at the tip; collateral buds generally present. Prunus persica,
Peach
52. Buds smooth; collateral buds generally absent. Prunus pensylvanica,
Pin Cherry
53. Buds stalked. 54
53. Buds not stalked. 56
54. Buds dotted bright yellow, often superposed. Carya cordiformis,
Bitternut Hickory
54. Buds not dotted bright yellow, not superposed. 55
55. Buds always stalked, blunt; stipule-scars present; catkins present in winter. Alnus incana,
White Alder
55. Buds (except occasionally on rapidly grown twigs) generally not stalked, pointed; corky ridges generally present on branchlets; stipule-scars and catkins absent. Liquidambar styraciflua,
American Sweetgum
56. Buds sunken, partially or completely covered by the bark, for the most part minute and superposed (best seen in a section lengthwise of the twig, through the node at right angles to the surface of the leaf-scar).

57
56. Buds not sunken and generally not superposed. 59
57. Twigs very stout, generally 1 cm. or more thick; pith salmon-colored; buds bronze-silky, exposed but surrounded by an incurved downy rim of the bark; bundle-scars generally in groups of more than 3. Gymnocladus dioicus,
Kentucky Coffeetree
57. Twigs rather slender, generally less than 5 mm. thick; pith whitish (not salmon-colored); bundle-scars in groups of 3. 58
58. Buds smooth, distant, the uppermost breaking through the bark above the leaf-scar, the lower ones submerged, appearing in section of twig as separate green dots. Gleditsia triacanthos,
Common Honeylocust
58. Buds downy, clustered together in cavity below leaf-scar. Robinia pseudoacacia,
Black Locust
59. Bud-scale borne singularly (1 only), large and cap-like; terminal bud absent. Salix alba,
White Willow
59. Bud-scales more than one or bud-scales absent; terminal bud present or absent. 60
60. First scale of lateral bud directly in front (i.e. facing directly out away from twig); leaf-scar covered with a light-corky layer, large inversely triangular; bundle-scars in groups of 3, often compound; pith more or less 5-pointed and star-shaped. Populus sp.,
Poplar
60. First scale of lateral bud not directly in front. 61



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